Central planning
A government agency decides what to produce, how much, and at what price, usually through multi-year plans. The Soviet Union ran this way from 1928 until 1991.
- Who owns?
- The state
- Who sets prices?
- Planners
Market socialism
Firms are owned socially, often by their workers, but they still buy and sell in markets. Yugoslavia tried versions of this, and cooperatives like Spain's Mondragon work this way today.
- Who owns?
- Workers / public
- Who sets prices?
- Markets
Social democracy
Not socialism in the strict sense: most firms stay private. Instead, high taxes pay for universal welfare, public services, and strong unions. The Nordic countries are the usual example.
- Who owns?
- Mostly private
- Who sets prices?
- Markets